Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between iron deficiency anemia and sleep duration in the first year of life. Methods: A total of 123 infants were investigated, with sleep being evaluated at 3, 6, and 12 months of age and anemia at birth and 6 months. The cutoff points for anemia and short sleep duration were hemoglobin <11 g/dL (at birth and/or 6 months) and <10 h (at 3, 6, and 12 months), respectively. The comparison of the average sleep time between infants with and without anemia was performed using the Student’s t-test, and logistic regression models were also used to verify differences in the sleep duration (short/not short) between the groups. Linear regression analyses were conducted to determine the association between sleep duration and hemoglobin values. The analyses were adjusted for potential confounders. Results: Children with anemia were more likely to be short sleepers [odds ratio (95% confidence interval (CI)): 4.02 (1.02–15.76); p≤0.05], and for each unit increase in hemoglobin values, the sleep duration increased by 16.2 min [β (95%CI): 0.27 (0.00–0.55); p≤0.05), regardless of family income, maternal schooling, gender, and body mass index at birth. Conclusions: Our results suggest that iron deficiency anemia is associated with short sleep duration in the first year of life and indicate the need for longitudinal investigations, with longer follow-up, to verify the impact of anemia on sleep duration at subsequent ages.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre a anemia por deficiência de ferro e a duração do sono no primeiro ano de vida. Métodos: Foram avaliadas 123 crianças, sendo o sono investigado aos três, seis e 12 meses de idade e a anemia ao nascimento e aos seis meses. Utilizaram-se como pontos de corte para anemia e curta duração de sono, respectivamente, hemoglobina<11 g/dL (nascimento e/ou seis meses) e tempo total <10 h (3, 6 e/ou 12 meses). A comparação do tempo médio de sono entre as crianças com e sem anemia foi realizada pelo teste t de Student e modelos de regressão logística foram usados para verificar diferenças na duração do sono (curta/não curta) entre os grupos. Análises de regressão linear foram conduzidas para determinar a associação entre a duração do sono e valores de hemoglobina. As análises foram ajustadas para potenciais confundidores. Resultados: As crianças com anemia tiveram maior chance de apresentar curta duração do sono [odds ratio — OR (intervalo de confiança — IC95%): 4,02 (1,02–15,76); p≤0,05]. Para cada unidade de aumento nos valores da hemoglobina, o tempo de sono aumentou em 16,2 min [β (IC95%): 0,27 (0,00–0,55); p≤0,05), independentemente de renda familiar, escolaridade materna, sexo e índice de massa corporal ao nascimento. Conclusões: Nossos resultados sugerem que a anemia ferropriva está associada à curta duração do sono no primeiro ano de vida e indicam a necessidade de investigações longitudinais, com maior tempo de seguimento, para verificar o impacto da anemia na duração do sono em idades subsequentes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the association between sleep duration, nocturnal awakenings, and sleep latency with body mass index (BMI) at six and 12 months of age. Methods: 179 children from a birth cohort were enrolled. At six and 12 months of age, anthropometric data were obtained using standardized techniques and infants’ mothers answered the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire for sleep data. The association of BMI with the independent variables (sleep duration, latency, and nocturnal awakenings) was assessed by linear regression models. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders and a p-value<0.05 was adopted to define statistical significance. Results: For each additional hour of sleep duration, BMI was reduced by 0.15 kg/m² (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.28; -0.01; p=0.03) and each additional minute of sleep latency increased BMI by 0.01 kg/m² (95%CI -0.00; 0.03; p=0.02). These associations were independent of gestational age, child sex, birth weight, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, smoking during pregnancy, and mother’s BMI, education, and marital status. Nocturnal awakenings showed no association with the outcome. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that sleep duration and sleep latency time are associated with BMI in the first year of life. Insights into the influence of sleep early in life on weight status may be helpful to complement future nutritional recommendations and prevent and treat obesity.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre duração do sono, despertares noturnos e latência do sono com o índice de massa corporal (IMC) aos seis e 12 meses de idade. Métodos: foram incluídas 179 crianças de uma coorte de nascimentos. Aos seis e 12 meses de idade, dados antropométricos foram obtidos por meio de técnicas padronizadas e as mães dos lactentes responderam ao Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire para dados do sono. A associação do IMC com as variáveis independentes (duração do sono, latência e despertares noturnos) foi avaliada por modelos de regressão linear. As análises foram ajustadas para potenciais fatores de confusão e o p-valor<0,05 foi adotado para definir a significância estatística. Resultados: Para cada hora adicional de duração do sono, o IMC foi reduzido em 0,15 kg/m² (intervalo de confiança [IC]95% -0,28; -0,01; p=0,03) e cada minuto adicional no tempo de latência resultou em aumento de 0,01 kg/m² (IC95% -0,00; 0,03; p=0,02) no IMC. Essas associações foram independentes da idade gestacional, sexo da criança, peso ao nascer, duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo, tabagismo durante a gravidez e IMC, escolaridade e estado civil da mãe. Os despertares noturnos não apresentaram associação com o desfecho. Conclusões: Nossos achados sugerem que a duração e a latência do sono estão associadas ao IMC no primeiro ano de vida. Informações sobre a influência do sono no início da vida sobre o status do peso podem ser úteis para complementar futuras recomendações nutricionais e prevenir e tratar a obesidade.

ABSTRACT Patients with Chagas disease have reduced health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Hence, we aimed to identify the factors that mostly affected their HRQoL. This was a systematic review of qualitative studies. The Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Excerpta Medica Database, Web of Science, and SciVerse Scopus databases were searched for relevant studies without language or date restrictions. The search and data analysis were performed by independent reviewers; all qualitative studies that reported the factors that had an impact on the HRQoL of patients with Chagas disease were included. The risk of bias was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program Qualitative Study Checklist; confidence in the evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation-Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative approach. Five studies were included in this review: four in Brazil and one in California, United States, with immigrants from Central and South America. The sample consisted of 207 patients with chronic Chagas disease. Stigma, physical limitations, work absenteeism, emotional or mental aspects, fear of treatment, and fear of the future had the strongest impact on the HRQoL. All items showed moderate confidence except for fear of treatment (low confidence). The physical, emotional, mental, and cultural aspects affected the HRQoL of patients with chronic Chagas disease. Identification of these factors is important in the development of strategies aimed at improving the HRQoL of this population.

Resumo Fundamento: A doença de Chagas leva à redução da capacidade funcional. Entretanto, o estágio em que o comprometimento funcional é detectável permanece obscuro. Objetivos: O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar a capacidade funcional de pacientes em diferentes estágios da doença de Chagas e de indivíduos saudáveis e verificar os determinantes do consumo de oxigênio de pico (VO2pico). Métodos: Em um estudo transversal, foram selecionados 160 indivíduos, 35 saudáveis e 125 com doença de Chagas. No grupo chagásico, 61 (49%) estavam na forma indeterminada da doença, 45 (36%) com cardiomiopatia chagásica (CC) e função cardíaca preservada e 19 (15%) com disfunção cardíaca e CC dilatada. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise de regressão univariada e multivariada. A significância estatística foi fixada em 5%. Resultados: Pacientes na forma indeterminada da doença apresentaram capacidade funcional semelhante a indivíduos saudáveis (p> 0,05). Pacientes com ChC e função cardíaca preservada apresentaram VO2pico menor que os pacientes na forma indeterminada (p <0,05), mas apresentaram valores de VO2pico semelhantes ao ChC dilatado (p = 0,46). A idade, sexo masculino, classe funcional da NYHA, pressão arterial diastólica, razão entre a velocidade do fluxo transmitral diastólico precoce e a velocidade anular mitral diastólica precoce, a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) e o diâmetro diastólico final do ventrículo esquerdo foram associados à capacidade funcional. Porém, apenas idade, sexo masculino, FEVE e classe funcional da NYHA permaneceram associados ao VO2pico no modelo final (R2 ajustado = 0,60). Conclusão: Pacientes com CC apresentam menor capacidade funcional do que pacientes na forma indeterminada. FEVE, idade, sexo masculino e classe funcional da NYHA foram determinantes do VO2pico em pacientes com doença de Chagas.

Abstract Background: Chagas disease leads to reduced functional capacity. However, the stage at which functional impairment is detectable remains unclear. Objectives: The present study was addressed to compare the functional capacity of patients at different stages of Chagas disease and healthy individuals and to verify the determinants of peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 160 individuals were selected, 35 healthy and 125 with Chagas disease. In the Chagasic group, 61 (49%) were in the indeterminate form of the disease, 45 (36%) with Chagas cardiomyopathy (ChC) and preserved cardiac function and 19 (15%) with cardiac dysfunction and dilated ChC. The data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate regression analysis. Statistical significance was set at 5%. Results: Patients in the indeterminate form of disease showed similar functional capacity to healthy individuals (p>0.05). Patients with ChC and preserved cardiac function had lower VO2peak than patients in the indeterminate form (p<0.05), but showed similar VO2peak values than dilated ChC (p=0.46). The age, male sex, NYHA functional class, diastolic blood pressure, ratio of the early diastolic transmitral flow velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter were associated with functional capacity. However, only age, male sex, LVEF and NYHA functional class, remained associated with VO2peak in the final model (adjusted R2=0.60). Conclusion: Patients with ChC had lower functional capacity than patients in the indeterminate form. LVEF, age, male sex and NYHA functional class were determinants with VO2peak in patients with Chagas disease.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: É possível que pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de coluna lombar apresentem dor crônica e necessitem de avaliação multidimensional da dor pós-operatória devido às variáveis que influenciam a dor. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a correlação entre as escalas uni e multidimensional para avaliação de dor pós-operatória. MÉTODOS: Estudo longitudinal e observacional desenvolvido nas unidades de internação de um hospital ortopédico de referência em São Paulo. Foram selecionados 53 pacientes no pré-operatório de artrodese da coluna lombar, 28 foram excluídos e 25 avaliados com a escala verbal numérica e o Inventário Breve de Dor no dia do pré-operatório e no 2° dia de pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: Na amostra todos os pacientes apresentavam dor crônica com tempo médio de dor prévia de 9,24 anos. Observou-se variação entre o pré e pós-operatório no Inventário Breve de Dor em quase todos os itens, mas apenas o item sobre a dor ‘’neste momento” se equiparou à escala verbal numérica (Kappa=correlação quase completa). CONCLUSÃO: A escala verbal numérica e o Inventário Breve de Dor não foram equiparáveis uma vez que a Escala Verbal Numérica evidenciou piora da dor pós-operatória, enquanto o Inventário Breve de Dor refletiu melhora na percepção da dor pós-operatória. O Inventário Breve de Dor pareceu ser melhor instrumento para avaliação de dor neste estudo.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It is possible that patients submitted to lumbar spine surgery present chronic pain and need a multidimensional assessment of postoperative pain due to the variables that influence pain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between uni and multidimensional scales for postoperative pain assessment. METHODS: Longitudinal and observational study carried out in the inpatient units of an orthopedic reference hospital in São Paulo. 53 patients were selected in the preoperative period of lumbar spine arthrodesis, 28 were excluded and 25 were evaluated with the numerical verbal scale and Brief Pain Inventory on the preoperative day and on postoperative day 2. RESULTS: In the sample, all patients had chronic pain with a mean previous pain time of 9.24 years. There was variation between the pre and postoperative periods on the Brief Pain Inventory in almost all items, but only the item regarding the amount of pain ‘’right now’’ (in the moment) was equivalent to the numerical verbal scale (Kappa=almost complete correlation). CONCLUSION: The numerical verbal scale and Brief Pain Inventory were not comparable since the Numerical Verbal Scale showed a worsening of postoperative pain, while the Brief Pain Inventory reflected improvement in the perception of postoperative pain. The Brief Pain Inventory seemed to be a better tool for pain assessment in this study

Abstract Patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy (ChC) usually progress with fatigue and dyspnea. Exercise tests are valuable for the functional evaluation of these patients. However, information about the applicability of the exercise tests is scattered, and no studies have systematically reviewed the results. Thus, the present review explored the general aspects and prognostic value of exercise tests in patients with ChC. A literature search of the MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, Scopus, and LILACS databases was performed to identify relevant studies. There were no data restrictions, and articles that met the objective of the study were selected. Articles written in English, Portuguese, and Spanish were considered, and 25 articles were finally included. The peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) was correlated with demographic and echocardiographic variables. Echocardiographic features of the left ventricular diastolic function and right ventricular systolic function appeared to be determinants of functional capacity, in addition to age and sex. VO2peak was associated with higher mortality, especially in patients with dilated ChC. The minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production slope (VE/VCO2 slope) was a strong predictor of survival; however, more studies are needed to verify this observation. Field tests showed moderate to strong correlation with VO2peak and thus may be inexpensive tools for the functional evaluation of patients with ChC. However, few studies have verified their prognostic significance. While exercise tests are useful tools for functional assessment, information is scarce regarding further considerations, and many of the criteria are based on guidelines for other heart diseases.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A criança com paralisia cerebral pode ser afetada por processos dolorosos relacionados ao pós-operatório, com dor subestimada devido à dificuldade de comunicação, especialmente quando uma ferramenta específica não é utilizada. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a dor em crianças com paralisia cerebral no pós-operatório de cirurgia ortopédica e a percepção de pais e profissionais de saúde sobre a dor. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, observacional realizado na Associação de Apoio à Criança Deficiente em São Paulo. Foram recrutadas 51 crianças com paralisia cerebral, com idade entre 6 e 15 anos, 51 cuidadores e 51 profissionais de saúde. A dor foi avaliada por um observador durante os procedimentos de rotina em que a criança foi manipulada. Após o procedimento, o observador perguntou aos profissionais de saúde e cuidadores sobre a dor da criança. RESULTADOS: Oitenta e dois por cento dos pacientes apresentaram dor pós-operatória e desses, 50% dor moderada e intensa. Nos pacientes não comunicativos, os pais apresentaram percepções discordantes do observador em 65% dos casos (p=0,05) e os profissionais de saúde apresentaram respostas discordantes em 75% (p<0,001). Nos pacientes comunicantes, os pais apresentaram respostas discordantes do observador em 58% dos casos (p=0,20) e os profissionais de saúde em 55% dos casos (p=0,44). CONCLUSÃO: Crianças com paralisia cerebral apresentam dor moderada e intensa no pós-operatório de cirurgias ortopédicas. Na fase hospitalar, a dor é mais difícil de ser detectada em pacientes não comunicativos sem o uso de escala específica, mesmo por pais ou profissionais experientes.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Children with cerebral palsy are affected by postoperative painful processes. These children's pain may be underestimated due to difficult communication especially when a specific tool is not used. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pain in children with cerebral palsy in postoperative orthopedic surgery and the pain perception of parents and health professionals. METHODS: It is a cross-sectional, observational study performed at Associação de Apoio à Criança Deficiente in São Paulo. Fifty-one children with cerebral palsy were recruited, aged between 6-15 years, 51 parents/caregivers and 51 health professionals. Pain assessment was measured by an observer during the routine procedures in which the child was manipulated. After the procedure, the observer asked health professionals and parents about the child's pain. RESULTS: Eighty-two percent of patients had postoperative pain, and of these, 50% had moderate and intense pain. In unarticulated patients, parents and caregivers had discordant perceptions from the observer in 65% of the cases (p=0.05) and health professionals had discordant responses in 75% (p<0.001). In communicative patients, parents had discordant responses from the observer in 58% of the cases (p=0.20) and health professionals had discordant responses in 55% of the cases (p=0.44). CONCLUSION: Children with cerebral palsy present moderate and intense pain in the postoperative period of orthopedic surgeries. In the hospital, it is more challenging to detect pain in unarticulated patients without the use of a specific scale, even by experienced parents or professionals.

Resumo O objetivo do presente artigo é analisar mudanças no perfil das empregadas domésticas entre 2002 e 2012 considerando não apenas as alterações pontuais na legislação que antecedeu à PEC das domésticas, mas também as transformações sociais ocorridas na base da pirâmide social brasileira. Apesar da reprodução das clivagens de raça e classe que definem o perfil geral dessas trabalhadoras, o artigo demonstra que esses marcadores operam também na diferenciação interna dessa ocupação. Além disso, os dados analisados demonstram que as mudanças na base da estrutura ocupacional e no perfil educacional da força de trabalho foram decisivas para o modo como o perfil do emprego doméstico se alterou ao longo do período.

Abstract The objective of this article is to analyze changes in the profile of domestic workers (2002-2012) considering not only the distinct variations in the legislation that preceded the Project of the Constitutional amendment but also the social transformations that took place at the base of the Brazilian social pyramid. Despite the reproduction of race and class cleavages that define the general profile of these workers, the article demonstrates that these markers also operate in the internal differentiation of this occupation. Moreover, the data analyzed show that the changes in the base of the occupational structure and the educational profile of the labor force were decisive for the way the pattern of domestic employment changed over the period.

Abstract Distress can be defined as a biological response of an individual to long-term threats to its homeostasis and it should be avoided from an animal welfare perspective. High levels of stress hormones and the expression of abnormal behaviours are responses normally observed in distressed animals. Captive environments can provoke distress, especially when inappropriate stimuli are provided to the animals. The concomitant use of behavioural and non-invasive hormonal measures is a means to evaluate captive animal welfare. Environmental enrichment is a tool that can reduce distress and minimize the expression of abnormal behaviour in captive animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate greater rheas’ responses (behavioral and hormonal) to food-based enrichment. Three birds from the Belo Horizonte Zoo, Brazil were studied. The study was divided into three phases (baseline, enrichment and post-enrichment): fruits scattered around the birds’ enclosure were used as enrichment. Behaviour and faecal sampling were undertaken in all phases of the study. Abnormal behaviours and faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (GCM) levels showed significant reduction during the environmental enrichment phase, and a significative positive correlation between GCM production and abnormal pacing was observed. From the results of this study, we conclude that the use of food as environmental enrichment should be encouraged because of its positive effects on animal welfare. Besides, studies with larger groups of greater rheas, with individuals of both sexes, should also be encouraged to evaluate if the results found in this pilot study are consistent and can be generalized to the species.

Abstract Reduced peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) is a common clinical finding in progressive Chagas disease. However, the disease stage in which functional impairment is detectable remains uncertain. The present study compared functional capacity between healthy controls and patients with different clinical forms of Chagas disease. A systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO database CRD42017058353) was conducted following a search of the MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, and LILACS databases from September to December 2017 for articles published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese, with no date restrictions. We included studies that compared the VO2peak between healthy and Chagas disease patients, stratified according to 3 clinical forms [no apparent cardiac disease, non-dilated Chagas heart disease (CHD), and dilated CHD]. Seven cross-sectional studies were included. Chagas disease patients without apparent cardiac disease (n=208) had VO2peak values [mean difference, -1.55ml/kg/min; 95% confidence interval (CI), -4.98ml/kg/min to 1.88ml/kg/min] similar to those of healthy controls (n=105; p=0.38, I2=52%). In non-dilated CHD (n=159), VO2peak was 8.71ml/kg/min lower (95% CI, -13.99 to -3.42ml/kg/min) than in healthy controls (n=59; p=0.001, I2=75%). VO2peak was also significantly lower (mean difference, -9.30ml/kg/min; 95% CI, -11.34 to -7.25ml/kg/min) in dilated CHD patients (n=131) than in healthy controls (n=53; p<0.001, I2=0%). Exercise capacity in Chagas disease patients without apparent cardiac disease is similar to that in healthy controls. Functional impairment in Chagas disease is detectable in the early stages of cardiac involvement, even in the absence of systolic dysfunction and signs of heart failure.

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a forma como os mecanismos legais do antirracismo brasileiro têm funcionado e os principais obstáculos à sua aplicação vis-à-vis a dinâmica social do estigma e insultos raciais. Nosso argumento é que existe uma dificuldade em conciliar as categorias da lei interpretadas pelos juízes com a forma real do racismo brasileiro no qual prevalece atos sutis de discriminação assim como o uso de insultos raciais em situações cotidianas.

ABSTRACT The goal of this article is to analyze how the Brazilian anti-racism legal mechanisms have been working and the main obstacles to its application vis-à-vis the social dynamics of racial stigma and racial insults. Our argument is that there is a difficulty in reconciling the categories of the law and the way judges interpret it with the actual shape of Brazilian racism in which prevails subtle acts of discrimination and the use of racial insults in everyday situations.

Objective to understand the strategy used by nursing teachers for teaching about death in theoretical and practical activities of the Nursing Course. Methods qualitative research with 14 Nursing teachers, through sampling by data saturation in a public institution of higher education. A semi-structured interview was used for data collection and Content Analysis was performed. Results the teachers believed to be relevant teaching about death, however, many do not do it, highlighting as a limitation the bond with the patient, death in childhood, the feelings, personal values and the absence of specific disciplines. Conclusion the way death is perceived influences the approach of this theme in teaching Nursing.

Objetivo compreender a estratégia utilizada por docentes enfermeiros para o ensino acerca da morte em atividades teórico-práticas do Curso de Enfermagem. Métodos pesquisa qualitativa, com 14 docentes em Enfermagem, por meio da amostragem por saturação de dados, em instituição pública de ensino superior. Utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada para coleta de dados e realizada Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados as docentes acreditavam ser pertinente ensinar sobre a morte, entretanto, muitas não o fazem, destacando como limitação o vínculo com o paciente, a morte na infância, os sentimentos, valores pessoais e ausência de disciplinas específicas. Conclusão a forma como a morte é percebida influencia na abordagem dessa temática no ensino em Enfermagem.

RESUMO Argilas expansivas são consideradas como depósitos problemáticos para obras de infraestrutura porque podem causar danos socioeconômicos e ambientais, uma vez que são susceptíveis à mudança de volume devido à variação sazonal da umidade e temperatura. A estabilização da argila expansiva é de interesse para qualquer edificação. As técnicas de estabilização podem ser mecânicas ou químicas. A cal é um agente estabilizante. Ensaios de laboratório foram realizados com o objetivo de analisar o efeito da interação da cal com um solo expansivo de Ipojuca/PE, quando é adicionado cal nas proporções de 1% a 11% em peso seco. Foram investigadas as características físicas, químicas, mineralógicas, a expansão livre e a tensão de expansão do solo natural e na mistura solo-cal. Os resultados indicam que o solo tem alta expansividade, podendo causar danos às edificações levando à demolição, principalmente as de pequeno porte. A adição de cal ao solo causou uma agregação ou floculação das partículas originais e a redução no índice de plasticidade. O percentual de 11% de cal hidratada reduziu a expansão livre e tensão de expansão a valores nulos. Isto é atribuído à capacidade de cimentação do solo tratado com a cal que reduz a tendência de absorção de água das argilas saturadas com cálcio.

ABSTRACT Expansive clays are problematic deposits for infrastructure projects because they can cause socio-economic and environmental damage, since they are susceptible to change in volume due to seasonal variation in humidity and temperature. The stabilization of expansive clay is of interest to any construction. The stabilization techniques may be mechanical or chemical. Hydrated lime is a stabilizing agent. Laboratory tests were conducted in order to analyze the effect of the interaction of hydrated lime with expansive soils of Ipojuca County / PE, when hydrated lime was added to it in proportions of 1% to 11% by dry weight. The physical, chemical and mineralogical characterizations were performed as well as the free swell and the expansion stress of natural soil and soil-lime mixture. The results indicate that the soil has high expansiveness and may cause damage to buildings leading to demolition, especially the smaller ones. The addition of hydrated lime to the soil caused an original aggregation or flocculation of particles and the decrease in plasticity index. The percentage of 11% of hydrated lime added to the expansive soil reduced the free swell and expansion stress to null values. This is attributed to the cementing capacity of the soil treated with lime which reduces the tendency of water absorption by the calcium saturated clay.

Objetivo: identificar dificultades encontradas por los estudiantes de enfermería en el afrontamiento del proceso de morir y la muerte durante la asistencia de pacientes hospitalizados. Metodología: revisión integradora de literatura realizada en las bases de datos LILACS, MEDLINE y BDEnf, en junio de 2014, y comprende el periodo de 2001 a 2014. Se emplearon las palabras clave: "muerte", "estudiantes" y "enfermería". Resultados: se encontraron 293 artículos y se seleccionaron 10. Se identificaron como dificultades: el manejo de la finitud; las relaciones entre estudiante y familiares; los vínculos establecidos entre estudiante y paciente; los sentimientos vivenciados al cuidar de pacientes terminales. Conclusión: se observa la necesidad de fomentar cuestiones que permean la muerte en los currículos de las carreras de pregrado del área de salud, lo que puede traer reflejos positivos para la construcción del "ser profesional", comprometido con la asistencia crítica, reflexiva y humanística a pacientes en fase terminal y sus familiares, que vivencian este proceso.

Objective: Identify the difficulties nursing students encounter in coping with death and the process of dying in inpatient care. Method: An integrative literature review was conducted of the LILACS, MEDLINE and BDEnf databases during June 2014, covering the period from 2001 to 2014. The keywords used were "death", "students" and "nursing". Results: In all, 293 articles were found and 10 were selected. Several difficulties were identified; namely, managing finitude; relations between the student and the family; the links established between the student and the patient; and the feelings student nurses experience when caring for terminally ill patients. Conclusion: Issues that deal with death should be encouraged and have more emphasis in curricula for undergraduate programs in the field of health care. This can bring about positive thinking in the interest of building "professionals" who are committed to critical, thoughtful and understanding care for terminally ill patients who are experiencing this process, and for their families.

Objetivo: identificar dificuldades encontradas pelos graduandos de enfermagem no enfrentamento do processo de morrer e morte durante a assistência de pacientes hospitalizados. Metodologia: revisão integrativa da literatura realizada nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE e BDEnf, em junho de 2014, e compreende o período de 2001 a 2014. Utilizaram-se as palavras-chave: "morte", "estudantes" e "enfermagem". Resultados: foram encontrados 293 artigos e selecionados 10. Identificam-se como dificuldades: o lidar com a finitude; as relações entre aluno e familiares; os vínculos estabelecidos entre aluno-paciente; os sentimentos vivenciados ao cuidar de pacientes terminais. Conclusão: observa-se a necessidade de fomentar questões que permeiam a morte nos currículos dos cursos de graduação da área da saúde. Acredita-se que abordar esse assunto no processo formativo trará reflexos positivos para a construção do "ser profissional", comprometido com a assistência crítica, reflexiva e humanística a pacientes em fase terminal e seus familiares, que vivenciam esse processo.